Final Project 3610 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Final Project 3610 - Essay Example Provincial administration was coordination of military districts controlled by officials whose primary role in campaigns was to summon the timariots. Most of the effort of the central administration was dedicated to raising money and supplies required by the kapikulli forces. Roads and bridges were built to enhance the transport of troops. In its zenith, the administration was well organized in terms of its structure. It consisted of three principal parts: the Sultan’s extensive household, a branch of government managed by the Grand Vizier who served as the Sultan’s deputy in all state matters, and the Muslim religious institution, which included Muslim functionaries apprehensive with the law and educational grouped under the over lordship of the Shaykh al-Islam. Most imperative of these were the qadis; they looked after criminal law and some local administration. Before the 17th century, Muslims who were freeborn served in the religious institutions or primarily as sipahis; the rest of the state administration and even the kapikulli forces was constituted principally of Christian converts to Islam who was recruited in the manner of the kapikulli military forces. Their legal status evolved around that of slaves of the sultan, even though the term â€Å"slave† was not associated with plantation slavery, which was in the case of the Western countries. The administration engaged the people to a language (the Ottoman Turkish language), which was largely Arabic in vocabulary and Turkish in grammar. It was written in the Arabic script. The population of the Ottoman Empire was mixed linguistically, culturally, and by religion. The Empire was one of the largest and leading Empires in history. With its strong military base, finally led to its success by winning many battles and conquered majority of states, because it had strong slave-based army-the empire used gunpowder as military tools. War was the main business of

Why Is Gatsby so Memorable to the Reader Essay Example for Free

Why Is Gatsby so Memorable to the Reader Essay The Great Gatsby was first published in 1925 and was one of Fitzgerald’s most well-known novels. Many aspects of this book caused this mass popularity, however the main reasons are his use of romantic modernism and most importantly, his portrayal of the different character. The different portrayals of the characters across Long island manipulate the reader’s opinion. One of the most famous examples for this is Gatsby. Gatsby is a very memorable character for many different reasons, such as the portrayal of him by Nick, his mannerisms, his reactions and doings. Each of these reasons helps him become memorable, however another important aspect of this memorability is the effects the Fitzgerald uses, romantic modernism, imagery, atmosphere, descriptions. One reason why Gatsby is memorable to the reader is because of Gatsby’s role as an exception in Nick’s, the narrator of this story, newly formed opinion on the people in Long Island. While Nick has a strong negative reaction to his experiences in New York and eventually returns to the Midwest in search of a less morally ambiguous environment, even during his initial phase of disgust, Gatsby stands out for him as an exception. Nick admires Gatsby highly, despite the fact that Gatsby represents everything Nick scorns about New York as he merges n with the crowd of West Egg, ostentation, garishness and flashy mannerisms, Gatsby clearly poses a challenge to Nick’s customary ways of thinking about the world, and Nick’s struggle to come to terms with that challenge inflects everything in the novel. One example of this is; ‘ â€Å"I wouldn’t ask too much of her,† I ventured. â€Å"You can’t repeat the past. † â€Å"Can’t repeat the past? † he cried incredulously. Why of course you can! † ‘ This quote shows us how motivated and dedicated Gatsby is to relive the past, with his ‘lover’ Daisy. His undying, untameable passion for her is constantly emphasised throughout the book. However, the most unusual feature of this affair, in comparison to the other various affairs of characters is that Gatsby wants to relive the past. Althoug h his ideas and morals highlight everything that Nick’s contradict, he still always has a sense of dedication towards Gatsby, such as being the only person at Gatsby’s funeral. Nick’s attitudes toward Gatsby and Gatsby’s story are ambivalent and contradictory. At times he seems to disapprove of Gatsby’s excesses and breaches of manners and ethics, but he also romanticizes and admires Gatsby, describing the events of the novel in a nostalgic and elegiac tone. This opinion formed by the narrator of this story now means that Gatsby is more memorable because of the sometimes contradictory opinions on his character but also because of the narrator’s reaction to Gatsby. A second reason why Gatsby is memorable to the readers is because of the use of mystery and withheld information throughout the beginning aspects of the book. This mystery is initially triggered when the readers first see Gatsby. ‘He gave a sudden intimation that he was content to be alone — he stretched out his arms toward the dark water in a curious way, and, far as I was from him, I could have sworn he was trembling. Involuntarily I glanced seaward — and distinguished nothing except a single green light, minute and far away, that might have been the end of a dock. When I looked once more for Gatsby he had vanished, and I was alone again in the unquiet darkness’ In this extract Gatsby is initially portrayed as a very mysterious and enigmatic character and interestingly stands in stark contrast to the other denizens of West Egg. Although Nick is unsure of this green light’s origin or even what significance it represents for Gatsby, the inner yearning which is visible to Nick, mainly because of Gatsby’s posture and emotional surrender to this green light makes him seem the opposite of the previous surrounding, the sarcastic Ivy League set at the Buchanans’. Gatsby is a mysterious figure for Nick, since Nick knows neither his motives, nor the source of his wealth, nor his history, and the object of his yearning remains as remote and nebulous as the green light toward which he reaches. This imagery creates a tense atmosphere for the readers initial perception This use of mystery surrounding Gatsby helps him to become more memorable because he is the character who leads the reader’s curiosity and is always indirectly at the center of everything. This helps Gatsby become more memorable by the use of withheld information and mystery. Fitzgerald delays the introduction of most of this information until quite late in the novel. Gatsby’s reputation precedes him—Gatsby himself does not appear in a speaking role until Chapter three. Fitzgerald initially presents Gatsby as the aloof, enigmatic host of the unbelievably lavish parties thrown every week at his mansion. He appears surrounded by spectacular luxury, courted by powerful men and beautiful women. He is the subject of gossip throughout New York and is already a legendary celebrity before he is ever introduced to the reader. Fitzgerald propels the novel forward through the early chapters by shrouding Gatsby’s background and the source of his wealth in mystery. As a result, the reader’s first, distant impressions of Gatsby strike quite a different note from that of the lovesick, naive young man who emerges through the later part of the novel. This also helps him to be more memorable. An alternative reason why Gatsby is memorable is his effect on other characters, although he is a stark contrast in many ways, this helps the audience to warm to him. Some of the defining characteristics of Gatsby are his theatrical quality as a character and also his charisma. Chapter three is when Fitzgerald creates a close examination on Gatsby and allows the reader to form an opinion alone. ‘He had one of those rare smiles with a quality of eternal reassurance in it, that you may come across four or five times in life. It faced, or seemed to face, the whole external world for an instant and then concentrated on you with an irresistible prejudice in your favor. It understood you just as far as you wanted to be understood, believed in you as you would like to believe in yourself. ’ This description of Gatsby’s smile captures both the theatrical quality of Gatsby’s character and his charisma effectively within its essence. Additionally, it encapsulates the manner in which Gatsby appears to the outside world, an image Fitzgerald slowly deconstructs as the novel progresses toward Gatsby’s death in Chapter eight. One of the main facets of Gatsby’s persona is that he acts out a role that he defined for himself when he was seventeen years old. His smile seems to be both an important part of the role and a result of the singular combination of hope and imagination that enables him to play it so effectively. Here, Nick describes Gatsby’s rare focus—he has the ability to make anyone he smiles at feel as though he has chosen that person out of â€Å"the whole external world,† reflecting that person’s most optimistic conception of him- or herself. This synecdoche of Gatsby’s smile also makes the reader remember Gatsby a lot more than they may not have done as it represents his whole character as an unusual but yet enigmatic person. Another reason why Gatsby is memorable to the reader is because of the various comparisons and parallels drawn between other famous characters in stories. These are effective because they help the reader to further challenge their initial opinion on Gatsby but in an unusual, unfamiliar manner. ‘The truth was that Jay Gatsby, of West Egg, Long Island, sprang from his Platonic conception of himself. He was a son of God—a phrase which, if it means anything, means just that—and he must be about His Father’s business, the service of a vast, vulgar, and meretricious beauty. So he invented just the sort of Jay Gatsby that a seventeen year old boy would be likely to invent, and to this conception he was faithful to the end. ’ In Chapter six, when Nick finally describes Gatsby’s early history, he uses this striking comparison between Gatsby and Jesus Christ to illuminate Gatsby’s creation of his own identity. Fitzgerald was influenced in drawing this parallel by a nineteenth-century book entitled The Life of Jesus. This book presents Jesus as a figure who essentially decided to make himself the son of God, then brought himself to ruin by refusing to recognize the reality that denied his self-conception. Renan describes a Jesus who is â€Å"faithful to his self-created dream but scornful of the factual truth that finally crushes him and his dream†Ã¢â‚¬â€a very appropriate description of Gatsby. Fitzgerald’s devising of this metaphor allows Gatsby to be compared more thoroughly and also provides an association to the other characters throughout the rest of the book. Though the parallel between Gatsby and Jesus is not an important motif in The Great Gatsby, it is nonetheless a suggestive comparison, as Gatsby transforms himself into the ideal that he envisioned for himself (a Platonic conception of himself) as a youngster and remains committed to that ideal, despite the obstacles that society presents to the fulfillment of his dream, such as the fact that Gatsby wants to repeat the past but the situation has changed completely. The final reason why Gatsby is so memorable is his impact throughout the novel. An initial factor of his memorability is that the book is called ‘The Great Gatsby’. Before the readers have even heard of this character they already start to question various aspects of him. However, the biggest impact he had was the dedication he created within Nick for him. ‘Gatsby believed in the green light, the orgastic future that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but that’s no matter—tomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther. . . . And then one fine morning— So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past’ These words conclude the novel and find Nick returning to the theme of the significance of the past to dreams of the future, here represented by the green light. He focuses on the struggle of human beings to achieve their goals by both transcending and re-creating the past. Yet humans prove themselves unable to move beyond the past: in the metaphoric language used here, the current draws them backward as they row forward toward the green light. This past functions as the source of their ideas about the future, epitomized by Gatsby’s desire to re-create 1917 in his affair with Daisy, and they cannot escape it as they continue to struggle to transform their dreams into reality. While they never lose their optimism, â€Å"tomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther . . . , they expend all of their energy in pursuit of a goal that moves ever farther away. This apt metaphor characterizes both Gatsby’s struggle and the American dream itself. Nick’s words register neither blind approval nor cynical disillusionment but rather the respectful melancholy that he ultimately brings to his study of Gatsby’s life. Therefore overall Gatsby is a memorable character mainly because of his portrayal by Nick and Fitzgerald’s use of imagery to be described. Throughout, Gatsby changes the atmosphere and always clings to the mind of the reader.

Robert Herrick :: essays research papers

Robert Herrick was born in Cheapside, London in 1591. Robert was the seventh child of Nicholas Herrick. Nicholas Herrick, his father was a prosperous goldsmith who made a will two days before he jumped off the fourth floor window of his house. Robert had to grow up without his father but he had some helps with from his six siblings.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Herrick had a huge family. The Herrick family had their hands on everything so Robert really could have decided on almost what ever he wants. In 1607 he was apprenticed to his uncle Sir William Herrick as a goldsmith. Robert always knew that it was a good business because it gold never gets old. Herrick always had a love for writing and he knew since he was really young that he wanted to pursue it eventually. Herrick attended St. John’s College, Cambridge in 1613. Robert graduated a Bachelor of Arts in 1617, and Master of Arts in 1620. Robert felt that going to school can be a tremendous help for him. He now feels that he is ready to pursue his poetry writing professionally. Braha 2   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of Robert Herrick’s earliest works â€Å"A Country Life† really helped him start off on the right foot. The poem talked about him moving from London to farm life in Leicesterishire. Herrick joined up with a group of Cavalier poets who idolized Ben Johnson, mixing in literary circles in London. Herrick was also a very religious man and was used for some expeditions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  On April 24, 1623 Herrick was ordered to be a minister and to act as a Chaplin to Buckingham on an expedition. When there would be big expeditions they would always make sure they had a minister there to help them when in need. Even during the expedition he would be writing on his free time.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Herrick was a well-respected man by everyone. The king even asked him to run a church called Dean Prior, it was one of the biggest church in those days. Herrick lived a secluded country life and wrote some of his best works. In 1647 he was expelled from the government. Robert decided to move to London publishing his religious poems. Robert Herrick lived to the age of eighty-three. Braha 3   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Robert Herrick has written hundreds of poems. My interpretation of â€Å"To His Mistress† is unique and interesting. Herrick always had a love for women and he loves to express his feelings.

NT Model :: essays research papers fc

When Windows NT was developed the designers ensured that security features were built in unlike when for example when MS Dos was developed. By default NT has a minimum-security standard as developers assumed that the average user would not want a highly secured operating system. As a result, administrators must configure or ‘harden’ the security levels to meet the users requirements. There are three levels : 1)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Minimum – no/few security features are used, however the spreading of viruses should still be taken into consideration 2)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Standard – most machines store some sort of sensitive information, which is where the use of log-ons, passwords etc apply 3)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  High-level - used when highly sensitive data is involved, where there is a risk of theft etc Authentication an important area of security in relation to access controls, both to the system itself and to particular applications. NT allows the creation of accounts, which can be assembled into separate sections of e.g. users and administration. Both are set with separate privileges depending on the User ID and the password the user enters. The permission controls are based on security Ids found in a security access token which determines the users privileges. However in highly secured systems fingerprints can be used for authentication. Also, the built – in Guest account can restrict entry for casual users. As well as tracking the users access controls, NT also manages the applications access controls by using a subject. These can be divided into two classes, a simple subject and a server subject. With regards to the simple subject, depending on the users access token, it will be allocated a security context. While the server subject is implemented as a protected server which uses the security context of the client when acting on behalf of the client. There are two file systems available for NT, these include the FAT (File Allocation Table) system and the NTFS. However, the FAT system provides very little security as it was developed primarily with DOS in mind. In contrast NTFS was created specifically for Windows NT. It is fast, allows longer file names and is backward compatible with DOS programs. In order to facilitate the integrity of data at the hardware level, NT has a ‘built-in fault tolerance’. NTFS creates fault-tolerant disk subsystems in different ways. One of which is called disk mirroring, whereby two partitions are required on two different disks, both using a single hard disk controller.

Jesus had a way of teaching his disciples Essay

Jesus always had a way of teaching his disciples how to be better people. He used events to teach them, he also used small talking sessions to teach them. The disciples were taught many valuable lessons from Jesus. In the modern world some people think that only bishops, priests or vicars are real disciples but every Christian who has been baptised should try to be a follower of Jesus. Christians today work for each other and for the people that they see as the weak in society such as the elderly, alcoholics, drug addicts and one-parent families. There are plenty of schemes run by voluntary Christian organisations for the poor and weak in society. The Salvation Army is well known for its concern of outcasts in society. They practise many different activities including children’s day centres and nurseries and family welfare work and homes for the elderly. The Salvation Army does plenty for the weak of society and other Christian denominations have their charity organisations, which provide similar services. There are international Christian organisations that include the Tear fund and Christian Aid, these groups care for the needs of developing nations. They help third world countries to live life as best as they can by providing clean water, health care and education. Some Christians today choose to become priests or join a religious order as their way of being disciples of Jesus in the modern world.A priest is a servant of God’s people. The Priest’s job is to proclaim and preach the gospel, to bless the bread and wine offered at mass. to care for the needs of people in the parish, especially by showing his worshippers what they can do for each other and to devote themselfs to God. Some people should use their talents to improve the world, to try and make the world peaceful and loving place. They have a duty to be aware of all the world’s problems such as crime, prejudice and violence. Christians who take part in the Eucharist are sent to serve others at the end of mass. The priest says, â€Å"Go in peace to love and serve the Lord†. We can serve others by donating our clothes to charity shops so that others will benefit. We can visit the lonely, offer shelter, feed the hungry, pray, provide love and comfort, in doing all of these things we are serving the Lord. â€Å"Love the Lord your God with all your heart, with all your soul, with all your mind, and with all your strength†(Mark’s Gospel – 12: 30-31). This is an extract from Mark’s gospel in the passage of ‘The Great Commandment’; it is what Jesus said to be the greatest commandment of all. Jesus explains this to mean that God is the only Lord we have so therefore we need to love him in the best way that we can. The second greatest commandment of them all is to â€Å"Love your neighbour as yourself†(Mark’s Gospel – 12: 31). When Jesus was talking of these two great commandments he wanted us to realise that life does not revolve around ourselves it is about what we can do for others. This message is to show us not to be selfish and be prepared to suffer for our beliefs. We should never contribute to Mickey taking or peer pressure as we would not like that if it was directed at us. We should give our time for other people which many people do as a careers options so they are also giving their life to God at the same time by serving to others such as Nurses, Doctors, teachers, fireman and missionaries all these jobs are for someone else’s benefit giving their time up for people like us when we are in danger or ill. we can contribute our ways to discipleship by going to church to pray, prayer in general if it to be at home, personal or within a group in a community at school or in a parish. It is important Christians/disciples have childlike qualities that they are proud to be a Christian, they are honest, faith, enthusiasm everything seem brilliant hope and trust in God at the lowest times in your life.Even when tragic accidents happen such as suffering with cancer, A death of someone you love or such incidents as September 11th the attack on the twin towers New York. We should still have faith and believe they are with God and happy. I think that it is extremely difficult to be a modern day disciple because many people take the modern lifestyle for granted and the mission now has a different meaning to the one in Jesusà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ time. in the modern world because so many people are judged by many different aspects of their lifestyle. They are usually judged in a positive way about their possessions and general lifestyle but they are judged in a negative way about their religion. Religion has become very ‘unfashionableà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and this is not just because it is considered a waste of time but it is also because Jesusà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ teaching methods were unfashionable. Todayà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s world is so materialistic and people would not judge someone kindly if abandoned their family responsibilities to become a disciple. many people still suffer great persecution and rejection.. A modern day disciple would find it difficult because our world is so materialistic and it would be extremely difficult for a person to give up the wealth gained from a job. Many items in society like drugs can be a barrier between a person and their path towards discipleship. But I do think that some peopleà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s faith is strong enough to enable them to be a modern day disciple. There are many people who have made great sacrifices to follow Jesus and do his work in our world today. Mother Teresa of Calcutta was a strong believer in Christ and she is an example of a disciple in the modern world. Society does hold back a personà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s path towards discipleship but a true disciple should be able to overcome that difficulty. Being a disciple of Jesus has many implications for every area of a personà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s life and this is because their every action is influenced by Jesusà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ example. St Teresa of Avila once said, â€Å"Christ has no body now on earth but yours, no hands but yours, no feet but yours.† This means that we are on earth to represent Jesusà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ and he lives in us and this is another way of us being disciples of Christ. In our lifetime today we are given a very important mission and that is to serve Jesus during our time on earth and be disciples, and also preach the word of Jesus to the people who do not yet know.

Spartan Ephorate essays

Spartan Ephorate essays What was the role and the authority of the ephors in the Spartiate Constitution? In ancient Sparta the office of ephor was both the most interesting and the most obscure of the offices under the Spartan constitution. It seems that the ephors became more important and gained more and more political power as the history of Sparta proceeded. According to tradition, the order was established at the time of the first Spartan war to help the kings of Sparta to carry out their main duties Messenia (736-716 BC), which necessitated the protracted absence from their country of the two reigning kings of Sparta, Alcamenes and Theopompus. But by the time first Persian invasion of Greece in 480 BC, the kings had lost much of their power, and it is certain that the ephorate had gained a great deal of what the kings had lost. At its peak of authority the board of ephors was the organ of citizen control over the dual kingship of Sparta. There were five ephors, elected each year by the full Assembly of Equals. This annually elected board functioned until it was destroyed in the 3rd century BC by the Spartan kings Agis IV (reigned 244-241 BC) and Cleomenes III (reigned 235-222 BC). Later it was revived and lasted until A.D. 200. Anybody who was a Spartan Equal and over thirty years old was eligible to stand for election. Their relation to the two Spartiate kings was curious. The kings were recognised as the only authorised military commanders, but the ephors had full discretion in levying troops. During campaigns they had no voice in command, but they might bring the royal leaders to trial for alleged errors in conducting war. The ephors cast the deciding voice when the kings disagreed. Their decisions were the result of a simple majority vote. The responsibilities of the ephorate included giving foreign ambassadors permission to cross the border into Spartan territory and permission to address the Assem ...

Using “Styles” to Add Headings in Microsoft Word - Proofread My Paper

Using â€Å"Styles† to Add Headings in Microsoft Word - Proofread My Paper Using â€Å"Styles† to Add Headings in Microsoft Word Whether you’re working on a college paper or a business report, presentation is crucial. Adding headings to a document, for example, will make it easier to read and increase its visual impact. Luckily, adding headings to a document in Microsoft Word is simple when you use the â€Å"Styles† function. What are â€Å"Styles†? â€Å"Styles† in Microsoft Word are options that you can use to ensure your document is consistently formatted. They can be accessed via the â€Å"Home† tab in Word 2007 or later. The Styles menu. If you want to modify the styles available here, you can click on the little arrow in the bottom right of the â€Å"Styles† window to open a new menu with additional options. You can customize â€Å"Styles† by right-clicking an existing style and selecting â€Å"Modify.† Alternatively, you can create your own â€Å"Styles† by clicking â€Å"New Style† in the menu. Creating a new style. Adding Headings Among the available â€Å"Styles,† you’ll see that some are labelled â€Å"Heading†: e.g., â€Å"Heading 1,† â€Å"Heading 2,† â€Å"Heading 3,† etc. These can be applied by: Selecting the text that you want to use as a heading Going to the â€Å"Styles† section in the â€Å"Home† tab Clicking the appropriate â€Å"Heading† style in the â€Å"Styles† menu If the â€Å"Heading† you want to use isn’t visible in this menu, you should: Click the arrow in the bottom right to open the sidebar â€Å"Styles† menu If the required â€Å"Heading† isn’t showing up, click on â€Å"Options†¦Ã¢â‚¬  In the window that opens, select â€Å"All Styles† under â€Å"Select Styles to Show† and click â€Å"OK† Style options. Once the correct â€Å"Heading† is showing, apply it as described above You can modify these â€Å"Styles† to suit your requirements if the default options don’t appeal. It’s a good idea to use slightly different font sizes or styles for different levels of heading so that your reader can tell, for instance, main headings from subheadings. Adding Numbered Headings Microsoft Word also offers the option of adding numbered headings Numbered headings. This involves using the â€Å"Multilevel List† function to automatically apply consistent numbering to headings and subheadings in your document, saving you from having to manually adjust numbering if you add or remove headings during the editing process. To do this: Apply different â€Å"Heading† styles to the headings and subheadings in your document Click on â€Å"Multilevel List† in the â€Å"Paragraph† section of the â€Å"Home† tab Select a list style that includes â€Å"Headings† The Multilevel List menu. This will apply different numbering styles to the various heading levels in your document. You can create new numbering styles using the â€Å"Define New Multilevel List† option in this menu. Defining a new list style.

Free Essays on Republican Nominee George W. Bush’s Education Plan

Republican Nominee George W. Bush’s Education Plan Teachers, Student Testing, and Higher Education Republican presidential candidate George W. Bush has proposed an education reform plan, which focuses on the youth of America, as a major part of his 2000 campaign. The proposed education plan, if enacted, would cost approximately $47 billion over a period of ten years. The major goal of Bush’s education agenda focuses on giving and maintaining states control of the education system, rather than promoting federal control of the educational system. Accountability is a key factor in the proposed education plan. Through the educational reform, the Bush campaign will create and support school voucher programs, mandatory student testing, and easier access to higher education institutions, among other measures which will attempt to promote and raise education standards across the United States, while holding states accountable for their overall improvements (voter.com). The emphasized goal of this reform will be to raise education standards, and thus raise student rates of meeting these higher standards. According to Governor Bush, â€Å"America today is in an education recession. Standards are not high enough; performance is not strong enough,† as stated during his PBS Address on Education, 10/30/2000. (Http://www.georgewbush.com/news.asp?FormMode=NR&Search=1&ID=2003). Mr. Bush’s overall statement concerning the issue of education, found on the website, Voter.com, outlines major aspects of the education reform which he supports including: Empowering parents with information comparing their child’s school with other state schools. Empowering parents with the choice of schools their child may attend. Expanding education savings accounts for parents with an increase in allowance of annual contributions. Improving state charter schools through a Charter School Homestead Fund. &#... Free Essays on Republican Nominee George W. Bush’s Education Plan Free Essays on Republican Nominee George W. Bush’s Education Plan Republican Nominee George W. Bush’s Education Plan Teachers, Student Testing, and Higher Education Republican presidential candidate George W. Bush has proposed an education reform plan, which focuses on the youth of America, as a major part of his 2000 campaign. The proposed education plan, if enacted, would cost approximately $47 billion over a period of ten years. The major goal of Bush’s education agenda focuses on giving and maintaining states control of the education system, rather than promoting federal control of the educational system. Accountability is a key factor in the proposed education plan. Through the educational reform, the Bush campaign will create and support school voucher programs, mandatory student testing, and easier access to higher education institutions, among other measures which will attempt to promote and raise education standards across the United States, while holding states accountable for their overall improvements (voter.com). The emphasized goal of this reform will be to raise education standards, and thus raise student rates of meeting these higher standards. According to Governor Bush, â€Å"America today is in an education recession. Standards are not high enough; performance is not strong enough,† as stated during his PBS Address on Education, 10/30/2000. (Http://www.georgewbush.com/news.asp?FormMode=NR&Search=1&ID=2003). Mr. Bush’s overall statement concerning the issue of education, found on the website, Voter.com, outlines major aspects of the education reform which he supports including: Empowering parents with information comparing their child’s school with other state schools. Empowering parents with the choice of schools their child may attend. Expanding education savings accounts for parents with an increase in allowance of annual contributions. Improving state charter schools through a Charter School Homestead Fund. &#...

International Business Law Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International Business Law - Assignment Example There are also the developing and developed countries with different interests and perspectives to global trade liberalization. There are various factors that are covered in the international business law. Such factors will be critically explored through examining Parts Ltd and its business transactions internationally. This paper will thus give an assessment of the contrasting perspectives and interests of Parts Ltd with respect to global trade liberalization. Various Ways Parts Ltd Could Transfer its Business into the Brazilian Market With reference to business regulations, there are various factors, which are put into consideration when it comes to transferring business from one point to the other. As a rule, such ways of transferring business internationally usually goes hand in hand with international business laws (Matthew, 2004, P. 18). That is been the case such ways forms a benchmark from where operating the business in the new environment is enhanced accordingly. Parts Ltd could enter into the Brazilian market through various ways. In that case, the firm can enter the Brazilian market through a joint enterprise with a host nation firm, and through exporting and licensing or permitting hosting country firms. What is more, the firm could enter into the Brazilian market through an entirely owned subordinate in the host nation to serve that market (Brooks, 2010, P. 36). Despite this different ways through which the firm can enter into the Brazilian market, it is worth to note that the disadvantages and advantages of each mode of entry is determined by various aspects accordingly. Such costs take account of the firm strategy, economic and political risks, trade barriers and transport costs. Explore the Various Trade Barriers, If Any, Which Could Affect Parts Ltd’s entry into the Brazilian Market From a description perception, trade barriers denotes to government-placed limitations on trade between countries. The most widespread forms of trade barrie rs take account of things such as tariffs, subsidies, quotas, embargoes, and duties. Such things will be critically analyzed in relation to how they are predicted to affect Parts Ltd, and conducting its business (Bernard & Schott, 2007, P. 106). The expression free trade denotes to the hypothetical removal of all trade barriers, permitting for entirely free and unregulated trade. If truth be told, however, no country completely embraces trade which is free. This is because countries utilize some variety of trade barriers for their own advantage. In any international business, trade barriers are always expected and so appropriate measures must be employed in order to combat their occurrences. From the history of the world, there has ever been the need of having the entire globe engaged in forms of trade which have the ability of increasing their performance and operations thus improving their development in terms of economy (Charles, 2009, P. 5). This had been suggested in form of a free and fair trade which was aimed at ensuring that all nations would engage in useful business and trade operations. However, there have been divergent views with the issue as majority of the people do argue that the present ‘free and fair trade’ operations have never in the least been fair. This is an implication that trade barriers are prone to happen whenever doing international business. Evidently through studies, tariffs, like nearly all trade barrier

Milionaire comparision Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Milionaire comparision - Essay Example China’s number of millionaires is currently at 1.12 million in 2013 and is expected to rise to 2.1 million in 2018 thus representing an 88% increase. In the last one year, China experienced 90, 000 rising millionaires making her projections for 2018 to be doubled. This essay compares and analyses factors catapulting China and India’s rapid growth in the number of millionaires. China, India and Singapore recorded the highest increase in millionaires in 2011 and the Asia-Pacific experienced a rise in wealth while Western Europe and America encountered a decline in wealth. The millionaire households in China rose by16 percentage and India saw a 21% increase, which represented 1.43 million and 162, 000 respectively. Nevertheless, the millionaires households in America decreased by 129, 000. US seems to lose the number of millionaires to China and India where the percentage increase in overall private wealth in both China and India’s overall private wealth has been at tributed to their strong GDP (Datamonitor Financial, 2012). The two emerging markets tend to drive the future growth of wealth as the US, Western Europe and Japan loses wealth prompting the financial services and conventional wealth managers to look to the new markets for profit maximization. Banks in India and China are preparing themselves to capture their new millionaire clients. Although the United States and Japan rank first and second as the countries with a huge number of millionaires, the rapid growth in millionaires is only evident in India and China (New, 2012). According to Hess (2013), mature markets such as US, Japan and Western Europe experience either slow or negative growth while emerging markets such as China and India ride a wave of very strong momentum steering their people to greater heights. The china’s wealthy people rise at a higher rate compared to other countries experiencing financial crisis recovery. Rapid economic growth experienced in China, India and other emerging markets has largely contributed to the number of millionaires globally. The millionaires in these countries boast cash, stock and cash assets of more than $1 million and the two countries are likely to experience the rapid growth because of their many listed companies. The robust exports linked with both China and India enhanced their GDP growth making the rate triple the once for developed countries. Recent economic growth in both China and India that has resulted to a huge number of millionaires is based on exports mostly to Europe and North America. Upon joining World Trade Organization, China’s export has largely increased making her value of exports between 2006 and 2013 to double from $1.1 trillion to $2.3 trillion. Similarly, India is further expected to experience a growth in exports from $191 billion to $350 billion within the same period (Hess, 2013). The high rate of domestic demand in both countries due to their high population is likely to enh ance their respective economic expansion thus leading to emergence of more millionaires. The decrease in demand from Western Europe and the US because of the financial crisis and the Eurozone’s debt challenges can therefore stall the growth of China’s economy. Interestingly, the impressive economic growth in India and China is unequal making their millionaires to represent 3.0% of the larger population. Rate of unequal

Globalization and Training Document Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Globalization and Training Document - Essay Example The onset of globalization has made managing supply chains complicated and critical than it was in the past years. No business area is affected more by the style to worldwide business situation within the supply chain. The need for companies like Riordan Manufacturing to use best strategies in international management of supply chain has increased because of globalization. Riordan Manufacturing is a worldwide company as it supplies its products globally. Recently, Riordan ventured into China where it discovered it had a bigger market base. As Riordan’s customers expand around the world, they expect the company to go with them. Therefore, it is important to improve their products and sell them at a cheaper price. For example, Riordan Manufacturing has a large customer base in the German plastic market, which has opening facilities in China. We have the option of continuing to supply our products to China from Germany, or find a way to interact with our customer base in China. Decisions made will ensure our customers receive quality products. To maintain the loyalty of our consumers in China, Riordan has to transfer its production expertise to China and offer those functions at a confined level (Riordan, 2014). Supply chain complexity continues to increase with globalization. The manufacturing process has become extremely complicated and is no longer a simple assembly line. Manufacturers are now forced to manage several product lines, each one assembled from parts taken from different suppliers. The same manufacturers are also needed to manage logistics, to know where and when products need to be to satisfy demand across the globe. The huge numbers of global markets where products are now being sold continues to expand drastically (Fawcett, Ellram & Ojden, 2007). With this increase in growth, there has been a rise in the number of

Introduction Part Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction Part - Essay Example Over the last two decades, the different rating agencies have focussed on developing innovative methodologies for evaluation of social performance of the companies. The evaluation is important as the non-financial performance of the companies like corporate social responsibility reflects the strategic policies of the company gives an insight of the future course of action and business of the companies. Undertaking corporate social responsibility leads to spread of information in the market that the company is looking to maintain a stable environment and reduce the damages caused to the society as an effect of its operations. Thus the information flow to the market gives an understanding of the long term plans and sustainability of the companies. As a result of this flow of information, the decision of the market investors, suppliers, creditors, customers would vary in terms of entering into a relationship with the company. The activities of corporate social responsibility also pass t he information on the profitability, retained earnings, capability to engage in non-financial performance. ... All these information and subsequent effects in investment decisions of the stakeholders create an impact of the prices of stocks and shares of the companies (Celliera and Chollet, 2010, p.1). The stock prices would fluctuate in anticipation of good financial health and sustainability of the companies in long run which would be interpreted from the information derived out of their social performance. Thus the stock prices of the companies carry an important relationship with the company’s social responsibility. Rational for the research The announcements and disclosure of corporate social responsibility has shown a proportional impact on the stock prices of the companies over the years. The degree of social performance delivered by the companies could be understood from the ratings on corporate social responsibility. The rational of this research is to find significance of corporate social responsibility by interpreting the effects of CSR ratings on the stock prices of the com panies. A company rated highly on its social performance would give rise to investor reactions and these reactions would influence the investment decisions. Through research, the change in prices of the stock could be compared to the change in responsibility on social actions performed by the companies. The effect on stock prices could be determined to check whether the changes in stock price are directly proportional to the increase or decrease in social performance. Social performance may also be viewed by some sections of the investor as not contributing to maximization of their financial wealth in the long run. The research would also serve to provide an understanding as to what percentage of investors

How nutrition relates to bone health Research Paper

How nutrition relates to bone health - Research Paper Example The following analysis will help the reader to understand the key building blocks that are required by the body in order to perform and maintain a healthy skeletal system. Firstly, and most obviously, calcium as well as vitamin K and vitamin D are the most basic and important building blocks of proper bone strength and nutrition. Although calcium is what is primarily focused upon with regards to maintaining proper bone density and health, both vitamin K and vitamin D help to regulate the levels of calcium in the blood stream as well as to encourage and discourage the way that this calcium is synthesized within the bone marrow itself (Marian 440). Although this vitamin and nutrient are often mentioned in the same breath with bone health and nutrition, few individuals understand the processes that each of these play in proper bone health. Firstly, vitamin D is converted to what is known as calcidiol in the liver. Once this conversion has taken place, the calcidiol is then pumped through the blood stream with the sole intent of seeking to regulate the levels of calcium and phosphate that exist in the blood stream. Calcidiol acts in this way as a hormone to regulate levels of compounds that exist throughout the body (Price 143). By acting in this regulatory fashion, the body is able to make appropriate use of the calcium and phosphate levels that are in the blood stream in order to properly build strong bones. In the same way, vitamin K helps to control the level of calcium binding that takes place within the bone structure. Likewise, in addition to calcium and vitamin K, D, the body needs to maintain adequate levels of magnesium; the second most plentiful mineral, after calcium, in the skeleton. Magnesium has a host of applications with respect to bone health; however, for the purposes of this brief analysis it can understood to have a direct and profoundly important effect on the boney matrix that helps to give bones their density and

Introduction Part Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Introduction Part - Essay Example Over the last two decades, the different rating agencies have focussed on developing innovative methodologies for evaluation of social performance of the companies. The evaluation is important as the non-financial performance of the companies like corporate social responsibility reflects the strategic policies of the company gives an insight of the future course of action and business of the companies. Undertaking corporate social responsibility leads to spread of information in the market that the company is looking to maintain a stable environment and reduce the damages caused to the society as an effect of its operations. Thus the information flow to the market gives an understanding of the long term plans and sustainability of the companies. As a result of this flow of information, the decision of the market investors, suppliers, creditors, customers would vary in terms of entering into a relationship with the company. The activities of corporate social responsibility also pass t he information on the profitability, retained earnings, capability to engage in non-financial performance. ... All these information and subsequent effects in investment decisions of the stakeholders create an impact of the prices of stocks and shares of the companies (Celliera and Chollet, 2010, p.1). The stock prices would fluctuate in anticipation of good financial health and sustainability of the companies in long run which would be interpreted from the information derived out of their social performance. Thus the stock prices of the companies carry an important relationship with the company’s social responsibility. Rational for the research The announcements and disclosure of corporate social responsibility has shown a proportional impact on the stock prices of the companies over the years. The degree of social performance delivered by the companies could be understood from the ratings on corporate social responsibility. The rational of this research is to find significance of corporate social responsibility by interpreting the effects of CSR ratings on the stock prices of the com panies. A company rated highly on its social performance would give rise to investor reactions and these reactions would influence the investment decisions. Through research, the change in prices of the stock could be compared to the change in responsibility on social actions performed by the companies. The effect on stock prices could be determined to check whether the changes in stock price are directly proportional to the increase or decrease in social performance. Social performance may also be viewed by some sections of the investor as not contributing to maximization of their financial wealth in the long run. The research would also serve to provide an understanding as to what percentage of investors

Critically assess the working of the EU's merger control Regulation Essay

Critically assess the working of the EU's merger control Regulation - Essay Example For the past two decades, mergers and acquisitions (M&As) hold the greatest percentage among modes of entry by foreign investors and growth activities of domestic companies; particularly true for the developed economies. One probable reason for this trend may be the high availability of information regarding the value of mergers and acquisitions. M&As targets usually obtain good values by the financial markets, which is more attractive and tempting for the investing companies and is considered one of the more important factors that affect investors’ choices. Mergers occur when two or more companies, with the consent of both parties involved, engage into a merge, in order to create business synergies from the new single entity formed, rather than existing separately on the market. There is a mutual agreement between the managements of two or more companies, on the grounds of exchanging shares of the merging firms with shares of the new entity, which reflects the name of the both companies engaged in the merger. Acquisitions, on the other side, represent business transactions between parties which are unrelated, under terms established by the market, while each side acts in its own best interest . In other words, in the case of acquisitions, the takeover involves a direct business transaction between the management of the acquiring firm and the stockholders of the acquired firm . 4. M&A result in anti-competitive effects as a possible consequence. By creating or strengthening dominant market power and by creating control over the industry’s vertical chain – M&A can succeed in distorting market competition. The scope of the essay is to provide a critical review on the EU competition regulation5. At the level of EU, the European Commission is responsible for the implementation of the regulation. Its powers have still not been used as frequently as the USA. As designed currently the EU regulation and decisions have multiple variations across multiple sectors; particularly the sectors where large companies and extensive cross-border trading and ownership links are predominant. These are counted as the regulation’s key targets6. In the process the essay will look at the most important factor after the anti-competitive issues drive the EU decisions on M&A – the efficiency gains7. The essay is organized in several sections. First the impa ct of M&A on the society as a whole is investigated followed by an overview of EU competition law with the EU merger procedures ending with a conclusion and discussion on the findings. 2. MERGERS AND AQUISITIONS AND THE ECONOMIC AND PUBLIC INTEREST (anti-competitive effects and efficiency gains) Although more than 14 drivers of M&As activity have been recognized and defined in the economic research and theory, according to Griffiths and Wall, in most of the cases the theories are highly unpredictable and inconsistent8. For example, the value discrepancy theory (i.e. buying off a company with a lower value than its genuine potential and actual assets involved), as well as the market power theory (i.e. consolidation due to large market power), are both behavioral models and illustrate specific and exact frameworks in which the companies operate (externally and/or internally). Generalization of these theories is difficult, therefore one may argue that Griffiths and

Pharaonic Civilization Essay Example for Free

Pharaonic Civilization Essay Pharaonic Civilization Civilization of the ancient Egyptians is the civilization that Egypt lived under the pharaohs with 30 different families. The pharaohs began ruling Egypt in 3000 B. C. , they considered themselves to be living gods who ruled with absolute power (Pharaohs, 2010). The ancient Egyptian excelled in building. They built pyramids as testimony of their greatness. Also, they left a significant cultural momentum in science, art of embalming and symbols for gods and goddesses they believed in. The Egyptian Pyramids  The pharaohs believed that death on the earth was just the start of a journey to the next world, and all the evidence referred to that the pharaohs worked in their life preparing for the afterlife. As so, they built the pyramids to be their tombs, to keep their jewelries and their bodies to take it with them to the other life. Booth (2010) stated that it was believed that if the discarded body were preserved, it would remain a focus for the spirit that had left it, exerting an attraction that pulled it down to earth (para. 1). Pyramids of El-Giza  There are many pyramids have found in Egypt, but the most famous three are those which found in El-Giza, couple hundred meters south from Cairo. The three pyramids are Khufu, Khafre and Menkaure. Khufu pyramid also known as the Great Pyramid is considered as the tallest pyramids and the oldest wonder of the Seven Wonders of the World. The Great Pyramid needs more than 10. 000 laborers working in three-month shifts took around 30 years to build the pyramid (Egyption Antiquities Organization, 2001). All the three pyramids of El-Giza contain corridors led to the chambers inside each one. For example, according to Romer (2007), There are three known chambers inside the Great Pyramid. The lowest chamber is cut into the bedrock upon which the pyramid was built and was unfinished. The Queens Chamber, Kings Chamber are higher up within the pyramid structure. Not only the magnitude of the pyramids which make it famous and great, but also the archaeologists have found many mysterious about the pyramids. For instance, the sides of all three of the Giza pyramids were astronomically oriented to the north-south and east-west with no any small fraction of degree. In addition, they found that the pyramid of Menkaure contains a small hole in one side of the pyramid does not exceed 20 cm in diameter. The secret of this hole is that the sunlight enters through that hole only one day a year to the tomb of the pharaoh completely, the odd thing is this day is the Pharaohs birthday, according to Kamal (2000). The Sphinx The largest and most famous sphinx is the Great Sphinx of El-Giza. The sphinx is located in the north and below the pyramids. The ancient Egyptians believed that lions are symbolism for power. So, the king Khafre symbolized himself in a lion body with his head. Also, some researchers said that he considered himself as the guard of the pyramids. Mummification Preservation of human bodies after death is usually known by two expressions, Embalming and Mummification. Undoubtedly, mummification is the most distinctive technique or art which developed in Ancient Egypt. As I said at first, the pharaohs believed that keeping their bodies will help the spirit to find its body when its the time to join the afterlife journey. Mummification Process  According to Alchin (2012), the embalmers used a range of tools during the mummification process (some of which were left inside the mummies). The embalmers tools included bronze hooks, knives, tweezers, needles and awls (a small point tool used for making holes) for opening, emptying and closing up the corpse. The mummification process which included the removal of organs were conducted on a special slightly slanted table which allowed the blood and bodily fluids to drain into a built in basin. The removal organs was placed in 4 jars as follow: * The container with the human head protect the liver. The container with the Baboon(kind of Monkeys) head protect the lungs. * The container with the falcon head protect the intestine. * The container with the fox head protect the stomach. The embalming processes were accompanied by rituals stand for more than two months. Specifically, the process lasted for a period of 70 days divided into 15 days spent on cleansing and purification, 40 days drying period, and 15 days wrapping, bandaging and paintings. Then, the wrapped body was put in more than one coffin. Sometimes, up to five coffins, and the last one must have the buried pharaohs face.

The Pringles history

The Pringles history Pringles history Pringles were invented and first sold in 1968 in October in USA, but they were not sold across America till mid 1970s. According to the patent, the inventor of Pringles brand potato chips was reputed Alexander Liepa from Montgomery, Ohio. It is produced by the company Procter Gamble. At the beginning the potato chips had the name of Pringles Newfangled Potato Chips, but due to the entering national market it was changed. Now the global brands of Pringles are available in more than 100 different countries all over the world and they come in 45 flavours. Currently the potato chip or crisps snack is produced in North America in Jackson, Tennessee and also in Europe in Mechelen, Belgium. The name of Pringles was chosen from a Cincinnati telephone book. Pringle Avenue in Finneytown was available for trademark, and its pleasant sound appealed to the brand (brand.http://www.uk.pg.com/products/products/pringles.html). Marketing side Pringles is the biggest brand of Proctor Gamble earning over $1bn year in revenues. It is advertised in the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia and the Republic of Ireland with the slogan Once you pop, you cant stop and elsewhere with the slogan Everything pops with Pringles. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pringles). The potato chips of Pringles are famous of their different and unusual packaging. It is a tubular can with a foil interior, and a resealable plastic lid; it also has a famous logo, a stylized representation of a man with a large moustache and parted bangs. (http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/pringles/). All Pringles potato chips are made in the same size and packed in a can carefully, one on each not to be crushed like the chips in a bags. The way of this packaging was invented by Fredric J. Baur, who at that time worked for the Procter Gamble company in a research, development and quality control department as an organic chemist and food storage technician. Different ways of using Pringles box Because of the cardboard tube packaging, the crisp box can be used like a great Wi-Fi antenna. In some cases it is also used as a storage box for small stuff or even for the clothes. For instance, the comedian Dilbert rolls his cloths in a Pringles box that later he could change at work or in the car. Sport people can find it useful too, because the can is just the size of three tennis balls. Pringles cans are always colorful, interesting and different, so there are quite a lot of people just simply collecting them. Flavours Pringles are also unique of their wide ranger of flavour and according to the countries needs and traditions, different flavours in different countries, limited market areas: United States Original Sour Cream Onion Jalapeà ±o Prints White Cheddar Chili Cheese Pizza-licious Cheezums Ranch Spicy Cajun Fiery Hot Barbecue Salt Vinegar Reduced Fat Original Reduced Fat Sour Cream Onion Fat Free Original Fat Free Sour Cream Onion Current permanent European flavors (from the UK website): Original Paprika Sour Cream Onion Salt Vinegar Cheese Onion Hot Spicy Texas Barbecue Sauce Cheese Tomato Mozzarella Light Original Light Sour Cream Onion Current Japan flavors (from the Japan website): Lightly Salted Flavor Sour Cream Onion French Consommà © (new) Partial list of discontinued limited edition flavors : Cheddar and Sour Cream Chili Cheese Crunchy Dill (2005 flavor) Crushed Pepper Jalapeno Hickory BBQ Salt Pepper Smokey BBQ Southwestern Salsa Thai Sweet Chilli Wisconsin White Cheddar (http://www.spiritus-temporis.com/pringles/) Moreover, there are few other varieties of this product such as Pringles Select, Pringles Light Aromas, Pringles Rice infusions and Fat Free Pringles. There are several sizes of cans of 23g, 50g, 80g, 100g, 145g, 150g, 155g, 160g, 163g, 181g and 230g. Interesting facts Pringles are a marketing case study in packaging innovation. In 1982 in a Pringles commercial appeared one of the famous persons in the world Brad Pitt. Pringles cans inventor Fredric J. Baur was so proud of his creation that he requested his children to buried him in it. Baur passed on March 4, 2008 and his family put some of the ashes in a Pringles can, and the rest in a traditional urn. In the eyes of the High Court in London Pringles snacks were adjudge to be not potato crips. As the consequence the company doesnt need to pay a value-added tax, what influence the price increase too. In 2007 Proctor Gamble start selling Pringles Minis. It was unusual for the Pringles fans, because new chips were packed in a small bag instead of tubular can. The shape of the chips was exactly the same, just smaller in size.

Death and the Maiden Essay -- Ariel Dorfman

“There is only one thing in the world worse than being talked about, and that is not being talked about.” Ââ€"Oscar Wilde Death and the Maiden discusses Princess Diana, her media, and her public from the point-of-view of Maureen Dowd. Was Diana the “spendthrift of her own celebrity”? Is the media a market of vultures feeding off of Diana? Does the public actually have any remorse for the Princess? There is no right or wrong answers for these questions because they are merely opinionated. Whether or not Diana was a victim of celebrity culture or the creator of her own demise is debatable, and even though Dowd thinks the coverage of DianaÂ’s death was awful she felt she brought on a lot of the other attention herself. She implies that DianaÂ’s celebrity led to her making careless, irrational decisions. Dowd states “The Princess of Wales was the queen of surfaces, ruling over a kingdom where fame was the highest value and glamour was the most cherished attribute.” Here she insinuates Diana is superficial and did things on purpose for the fame, she then goes on to say “she rode the...

Shakespeares Macbeth - Persuasiveness of Lady Macbeth :: Free Essay Writer

The Persuasiveness of Lady Macbeth  Ã‚   When considering a dilemma, we usually turn towards those we love for advice, since they are the ones to whom we listen. In William Shakespears' Macbeth, Lady Macbeth is greatly responsible for the killing of King Duncan. Lady Macbeth reveals her secret evil nature, which pushes her towards her evil doings. Once Macbeth learns his prophecy to be king, she immediately convinces and persuades Macbeth into following her plan. Towards the end, when the crimes have been committed, Lady Macbeth shows weakness and guilt for her evil deeds. Lady Macbeth expresses a hidden evil throughout the play. Behind closed doors, she shows her evil by voicing her heartless phrases to herself. She shows she has no love but for her evil and knows no bounderies when it comes to having her way. "That I may pour my spirits in thine ear" Shows that Lady Macbeth knows that she is evil and is wishing that she could share her evil with Macbeth. "Make thick my blood, Stop up th' Access and Passage to remorse." Expresses Lady Macbeth wanting more evil and is asking for her blood to stop the passage through her heart, so she can continue her evil ways without any remorse or guilt. Although Lady Macbeth is evil, she knows well not to convey this trait to the public, but to be pleasant and sweet to the king and others. Once Macbeth is told his prophecy of being king by the witches, he soon writes a letter to his wife explaining his newly found future, hoping to find some advice in return. Instead, Lady Macbeth quickly begins to think how life could be greater if he were king now. She then persuades Macbeth into killing King Duncan. "And to be more than what you were, you would be so much more the man." says Lady Macbeth, trying to change her husbands mind. She shows Macbeth that if they follow her plan exactly and show remorse for the kings' death. They would not fail, "Who dares receive it other, As we shall make our greifs and clamor roar upon his death?" Towards the end of the play, Lady Macbeth shows weakness and guilt for her evil plans, and begins to go crazy. "Out damned spot! Out, I say!" " Who would have thought the old man to have had so much blood in him" "The Thane of Fife had a wife.

Discuss and/or compare the role of women in society in`Trifles`and `Death of salesman`

An American woman’s life in the early 1900s when one-act play â€Å"Trifles† was written by Susan Glaspell was a whole lot different than what it is today. During that time, women were expected to stay at home while their husbands go to work and earn a living for their families, a noble task which society deemed fit for men in as much as cleaning house, hanging clothes, cooking food, washing dishes, and taking care of children were noble tasks meant for women. Women were educated, but the education or semblance of which merely served as a superficial credential to make them more attractive potential mates.Society was undoubtedly patriarchal, with wives’ submission to heir respective husbands’ taken both as the norm and the biblical good. (Mitchell 23) It was during this time that Glaspell wrote the play about a murder and that crime’s subsequent solution through a series of trifles. Even at the start of her play, Glaspell showed the disparity of soc ial class between men and women. One example is the scene at the start of the play where the three male main characters enter the warm farmhouse first before the two women do despite the fact that it was freezing cold outside.This signifies the priority that men assert of their needs over the needs of their women. It also signifies a sense of women being beholden to their men, the wives did not complain about the shabby treatment of their husbands of them in the scene, they considered it quite normal to wait until your husband enters a house before you yourself can do so. Another was one of the male characters constant mockeries of female concerns. That character, Mr. Hale, trivialized the many details of the tasks that women in that era were responsible for by using the words â€Å"women are used to worrying about trifles†. By trifles, Mr.Hale meant the small, seemingly nonessential details that his wife and all other wives as can be concluded from his disposition are always fussing over. He complains that his and Mr. Peters’ wives worries about unkempt state, pots, bread, and other kitchen items scattered about, about Mrs. Wright’s preserves being frozen and cracked are of no significance to the problem at hand, which was the murder of Mr. Wright. Here we see that not only were women being expected to be obedient, to stay at home and do the chores, but they were being ridiculed by men for being careful and mindful of the very things that husbands expect their wives to do.Mr. Hale never takes into consideration that it is his wife’s worries over the things that he considers as â€Å"Triffles† that lets him go home to a warm meal and a clean bed every single day, that gives him fresh, neatly ironed clothes every morning and not to mention a home cooked lunch. This mockery and ignorance show how little of a value society at that time actually placed on the tasks of a woman that it has expected of her. Another important detail that could be observed in the play was how women were indeed smarter than men gave them credit for.The wives of the two main characters eventually solve the mystery of the murder where their husbands failed. The women do so through investigating the very same â€Å"trifles† that the men ridicule them for. Mrs. Peters and Mrs. Hale found the quilting that Mrs. Wright was working on, and takes note that the sudden change in the quality of the stitching may connote that something had happened that upset Mrs. Wright. They found a broken bird cage and wondered if there was a bird, and then finally they found a small box upon looking for sewing supplies to take back to Mrs. Wright.The small box contained a bird with its neck wrung. The women put the clues together and decide not to tell their respective husbands, this last part somewhat connoting their preference to deny their husbands solid proof regarding the murder of Mr. Wright to which Mrs. Wright stood accused. The play portr ayed the men as blind to the clues that the women were able to find, this stressed the inequality between men and women even more, showing that although women could be just as smart as or even smarter than their male counterparts, their roles in society were still below those of their husbands’.The final aspect of the play that is connected with women at that time was the portrayal of Mrs. Wright. From the discussions among the other characters it was apparent that Mrs. Wright lived a stressful existence under the rule of her husband. Her husband was described as a difficult man, and the character of Mrs. Wright was implied to have endured years of abuse because of it. This last portrayal concretizes the marginalization of women during those times.It leaves to the viewers to connect the irony of how a woman who had  been subjected to years of degradation from a man who supposedly vowed to love and cherish her is in danger of suffering one last injustice, to be held intrial for the murder of the very man who had drained the life out of her. Decades later since the first showing of â€Å"Trifles† in 1916, Arthur Miler wrote what would be later known as a classic of American Theater. â€Å"Death Of A Salesman† which was first shown in 1949 was not primarily about women, but about how one man’s delusion and desperation caused the degradation of his family and his dignity.However, this man’s wife who was the main female character in the play showed very vivid portrayals of whether the concept of woman had evolved. Linda’s characterization in the play fares women no better than the women characters in â€Å"Triffles†. Linda Loman from â€Å"Death Of A Salesman† was yet another disheartened housewife who still kept fulfilling the usual tasks due to an American housewife. She is loving, caring, understanding and ever obedient to her husband, Willy Loman who never fails to tell her to â€Å"shut up† whene ver she puts a word out of line.Linda’s insights and intelligence are a lot more that Willy is characterized as having, but her unfaltering devotion towards him prevented her from using her wits to save her family because she knew that such an act would rob her husband of the glory that in that era made men, men. The scenes that involve private conversations with her sons showed Linda’s brilliance and common sense, a common sense that diminishes in scenes of Linda speaking with her husband wherein she plays stupid with her responses usually limited to â€Å"Yes Dear. † or â€Å"what, Dear? †. In conclusion, we say that both plays had feminist ideals embedded in them.Both plays portrayed the injustice being done to women and how these women of the past coped with such injustice. The time between the releases of these two plays connotes the period when these literature were written as struggling times for women. These years marked the birthing of a generati on of women who would finally wise up and begin to take their rightful place in society as men’s equals. The plays were evidence that some women already knew what was happening, and that these women were eager to spread the word of female liberalism which would later be known as feminism.These plays exposed that the treatment of women as housebound cleaners, babysitters, and cooks while at the same time failing to give proper recognition for these tasks and the women who did them was unacceptable. (Mitchell 85) The play showcased a woman’s abilities and strengths despite living in a man’s world. It showed that a woman can and will exceed a man if she chooses to. It scolds the women who have not yet awakened by portraying characters that resemble them. The battered and abused who are the Mrs. Wrights, and the smart, loving and caring yet neglected, unappreciated and frustrated Linda Lohans.These women represent those who cannot fight back, or those who think that what is being done to them is proper. These characters call out to those women and show them how pathetic they’ve become in an attempt to jolt them out of it and make them take a stand. American women have come a long way since these two pieces of literature; they have made countless others and are continuing to make them to date. They have gained much ground in their battle for rights and would do all that they can to push ever harder, reach ever higher, and make it ever clearer that no man has a right to make any woman feel that she is below him.

Hemingway vs. Faulkner writing styles Essay

Throughout time, individual authors have crafted varying writing styles that portray the authors themselves and helps the reader to better understand the tone of the piece. During the early twentieth century, the upcoming of a new America created many talented writers that varied drastically in style. An author may choose to write in a realistic manor, such as Ernest Hemingway or William Faulkner. From the post Civil War era in which Faulkner was accustomed, to the early 1920s era of Hemingway? s short stories, both authors’ focus remains on a similar topic. Both authors were realist writers who expressed their concern with the changes happening in America. However, the writing styles in which Hemingway used, compared to Faulkner, show many differences. By comparing the styles of Hemingway and Faulkner, readers find a contrast in the authors’ use of sentence structure, word choice, and character development; but overall, they achieve a similar tone. In many of William Faulkner’s short stories, such as â€Å"Barn Burning†, the sentence structure is complex; he describes vividly what is happening by including small details about characters and setting others may find insignificant. Faulkner uses long, complex sentences that contain hyphens and colons to continue his ideas throughout the sentence. In â€Å"Barn Burning†, Faulkner writes â€Å"Now he could hear his father’s stiff foot as it came down on the boards with clockwise finality, a sound out of all proportion to the displacement of the body it bored and which was no dwarfed either by the white door before it as though it had attained to a sort of vicious and ravening minimum not to be dwarfed by anything†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . Faulkner commonly uses great detail to describe even the simple sound of the father’s faulty footsteps. Much of detail is unnecessary but adds effect to the sentence. Hemingway, compared to Faulkner, uses short sentences to complete his thoughts. His ideas are expressed bluntly, but the point is clear. Both authors use sentence structure to complete an overall tone in their writing. Both authors achieve a similar tone using sentence structure. Faulkner uses long, detailed sentences to add to the effect of his stories. Hemingway uses short, blunt statements to set the tone. Many of the two author’s stories end with the same sad tone. The sentence structure the authors use can carry  tone throughout his story as they wish. The word choice of an author determines how a reader interprets the story. William Faulkner uses more complex words than Ernest Hemingway. In Faulkner’s stories, the words he chooses often are symbolic in a way. In â€Å"A Rose for Emily† Faulkner writes â€Å"†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬  The word choice in the sentence sets a tone for the story. The word choice Faulkner uses often make up the complex sentences in his stories. Hemingway’s word choice is less complicated. His ideas are expressed bluntly through his words. It is easy for the reader to understand Hemingway’s stories without further interpretation.

Advanced Managerial Accounting Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Advanced Managerial Accounting Report - Essay Example On the other hand, Merchant uses a more optimistic approach in discussing the strategies that management could employ to encourage staffs. Merchant’s work is based on how management can effectively control employees’ actions for greater predictability of results, while Kohn’s article is focused on the incentive scheme as a way of improving employees’ output. The article by Kohn presents various weaknesses with the incentive plans adopted by many managers to motivate staff members. The author highlights some of the weaknesses of the incentive plans as temporary compliance by staffs, stretching relationships between employees, and discouragement of risk taking. According to the author, rewards are known to undermine interest and ignore the core reasons why good performance was achieved. Merchant shows that attempting to assert too much control over staff members can be counter-productive. The author suggests that adopting more interacting approaches rather than centralizing power and functions is key to motivating staffs to better

12 Steps Programs - Help or Hinder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

12 Steps Programs - Help or Hinder - Essay Example The aroma of good, strong coffee vied with the scent of some expensive perfumes, but the tobacco won. I was surprised at the mix of people, there a man in denim, here an impeccably suited businessman of middle age. Three older women had placed themselves in neighboring chairs, their body language signaling support and sisterhood. Designer chic and thrift shop dowdy, all seemed to have abandoned one addiction and were now desperately pursuing another, nicotine. Except for one small, dumpy woman, nervously polishing, replacing, then polishing again, her tinted eyeglasses, and a skinny guy with big ears, which he kept pulling at.What followed was awful to observe. The little woman stood up, shook and stuttered and exposed her heart, life and soul in painful, gut-wrenching honesty to these complete strangers. She had just taken Step 1. Everybody applauded, several approached her and hugged her. She was crying and smiling at the same time, but no longer shook or twitched with nerves, she seemed more peaceful, as if relieved of a big burden. It was clear she felt better, cherished and a part of things. Poor John could only mutter his name, hanging his head as he labeled himself an alcoholic, then collapsing in tears into his chair.individual perceptions of Him, would make it all better.

I dont have topic on mind you can choose an easy one Research Paper

I dont have topic on mind you can choose an easy one - Research Paper Example Plagiarism is a prevalent but disturbing subject in academic societies all over the world. Many students today plagiarize past papers as well as various research papers when writing their research papers or assignments.  There are even websites that have been established to deal with the sheer need of students for people to help them in locating sources for their academic assignments. There are many websites today that allow students to pay complete strangers to do their assignments for them (Perelman, 128). Plagiarism was formerly simply referred to as copying. It was still as frowned upon as it is today, but the word plagiarism carries greater weight than the word ‘copying’. Many tertiary institutions punish students who engage in plagiarism; but this has not really dissuaded the practice. In fact, plagiarism appears to be on the rise. ‘Copying’ was not considered to be a serious issue before 1700 A.D. This is because prior to 1700 A.D., any written mate rial that was in existence was not considered to be the personal property of others, but as special messages of God. Therefore, any person who copied written texts was not considered to be trying to pass another’s work as his own, but just to be imitating the written work. In England, the first law against copying the works of others was passed in 1710 (Kantz, 83). This development is thought to have come about as a result of the developments of the printing press. The Protestant reformation also began to recognize the value of individual ownership. Although there was a lot of objection to the new law outlawing ‘copying’ another’s work, it would become more accepted in the 1890s. The word ‘plagiarism’ comes from the Latin term â€Å"plagiarus† which means â€Å"abductor† or â€Å"kidnapper†. Even though it is ethically wrong for a person to portray the ideas and concepts of others as his or her own, the laws concerning wha t constitutes plagiarism are hazy at best. For instance, one would be forced to say that in ghost writing, which is an accepted form of authorship in literary circles, the author that lends his or her name to the ghost writer is ethically wrong if plagiarism is strictly to be defined as taking credit for another’s work. Additionally, all movie stars who hire writers to write their acceptance speeches, or even politicians with writers in their payroll can also be said to be engaging in a form of plagiarism. This is because in reading their speeches, these celebrated people take credit for another person’s ideas and thoughts by passing these speeches as their own. Another kind of plagiarism that is not penalized in literary circles is â€Å"honorary authorship† where an overseer of a laboratory who hardly contributed at all to the research is mentioned in a research paper as a co-author. Another variety of plagiarism is in government circles where higher ranking o fficers use documents written for them by their subordinates and pass them off as their own. It is quite unreasonable to stress to students that plagiarism of any kind is wrong and will be penalized when here is a very different reality in the working world. The real world has a serious problem in overlooking different types of plagiarism while students are penalized even for insinuating ideas that their lecturers believe

Chapter 3, Security Surveys and the Audit, in the Fennelly textbook Essay

Chapter 3, Security Surveys and the Audit, in the Fennelly textbook - Essay Example The advanced Covert Body Scans would detect concealed weapons in these cases in a detailed manner, such as which conventional methods like body taps would not. The Covert Body Scans would also ease up the long passenger queues caused by the current slow security systems, thus saving time for passengers and other officials. On the onset of security threats, many travel avenues heighten security measures leading to long queues, cancelled trips and inconvenienced passengers. The covert security scanners would see an end to this since they can scan people as they move through, thus eliminating long, stagnant queues. These systems are also useful in that they are multipurpose in nature that is they can detect a wide variety of security threats from airborne pathogens and illegal immigrants, to concealed weapons (Fennelly, 2013). The implementation of the covert security scanners is acceptable wherever imminent threat to human lives is constant, either directly or indirectly. Such locations include airports, academic institutions, the Mexican border, entries to prominent buildings like major banks and the white house. As indicated earlier, these security systems are a necessity wherever there is a threat to human life. Statistics indicate that more security threats occur in the private sectors than the public ones. These include private institutions like schools, banks, and shopping malls. Some, however, would argue that this development would be an infringement of the right to confidentiality. There requires to be a balance between the value of life and the preservation of privacy. Furthermore, Homeland security assesses and mitigates privacy implications that could result from developed security systems. Such security technologies would definitely be of immense assistance in safeguarding lives and property if implemented. The covert security scanners expose objects in as acute

Sports Marketing Plan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Sports Marketing Plan - Essay Example The prognosis is that while the American economy is recovering from the recent crisis, the recovery will continue to run at a slow pace (Amadeo, 2012b; Dewan, 2012). In the short term, the presidential elections will shape spending and other key factors that impact the economy (Moffatt, 2012). Some US regions will experience more pronounced growth compared to others (Kotkin, 2012) It can be surmised from the available evidence that the regulatory and legal system in the US continues to provide a strong foundation for successful small and medium businesses, and constitute a bulwark for established large multinationals. Legal requirements for gymnastics clubs share many aspects in common with regulations and laws covering small and medium businesses, together with industry-specific aspects, such as insurance coverage to shield owners and employees from injury liability, among other things (Kotkin, 2012; Newman, 2012; Mechanic, 2007; K&K Insurance Group, 2009). Demographic trends include a downward shift in the white majority birth numbers, now constituting less than 50 percent of total new births in the US (Dougherty and Jordan, 2012). As of 2011, out of a population of 313.84 million, 20 percent were 14 years old and below, and about 87 percent were below 65 years old. As of 2007 whites made up close to 80 percent of the population, followed by blacks at 13 percent, Asians at 4.5 percent, and other minorities making up the rest. The large Caucasian majority and the large young population are important demographic characteristics relating to the current and potential target markets for X Gymnastics (Central Intelligence Agency, 2012).. Data from US Gymnastics show that school-age females continue to be the most prolific participants in gymnastics programs all over the United States. Women in general outnumber men in memberships in different gymnastics

Macbeth and Jane Eyre Essay Example for Free

Macbeth and Jane Eyre Essay Macbeth by Shakespeare and Jane Eyre by Charlotte Bronte have a similar theme. In both the novel and play, there is a contender edging somebody else on. In Macbeth, Lady Macbeth edges Macbeth on to first killing King Duncan and other people. In Jane Eyre, Jane pushes Rochester not to be scared and to let go of the safety nets and trust in others. In Macbeth, Macbeth turns from having a pure heart to a black and evil heart, while Rochester changes from having a closed heart to an open and trusting heart. At the beginning of the play, Macbeth is seen as a courageous soldier who is loyal to the King but is corrupted from the witches prophecies and by his and Lady Macbeths ambition. This is because of the weakness of Macbeths character and the strong power of Lady Macbeth and how she is easily able to influence him. Her strength motivates him at the start but after, he realizes what he has done, but still decides to continue to go down his murderous, bloody path. At the beginning of the play Lady Macbeth appears as a kind wife of Macbeths but underneath lays a scheming and treacherous woman. She watered his seed and started the never-ending growth of the beanstalk from Jack and the Bean Stalk. Macbeth however was his own sunlight and let the plant just keep on growing higher with more and more thorns. The first time she waters the seed is when they first hear that King Duncan is sleeping over their house that night. Lady Macbeth asks her husband when the King would leave. Macbeth answers that the king would leave the following day. Lady Macbeth tells him otherwise however. O, never shall sun that morrow see Your hand, your tongue: look like th innocent flower, but be the serpent undert. She tells him that she has to kill the king and nobody would expect it because he is being hospitable and letting the king stay at his house. To the King Duncan and the rest of the people, Lady Macbeth seems to be a nice sweet lady. However, she is really tricky and conniving. At First, Macbeth tries to back out last minute. He says, We will proceed no further in this business: he hath honored me of late, and I have bought golden opinions from all sorts of people, which would be worn now in their newest gloss, not cast aside so soon. He says that the king has only been nice to him and is a wise man and does not want to get rid of him so soon. Lady Macbeth shrewdly answers that he is a coward for not  wanting to go through with it and that he is not a man unless he does. Macbeth is convinced by her argument and decides to go through with it. Later that night while the king was fast asleep, Macbeth killed him. After the murder, Macbeth got paranoid and started to kill people left and right in order to make sure nobody would find out about the assassination he commit against King Duncan. That is an example of how Lady Macbeth stated the seed to sprout, but once it would come out of its shell, Macbeth could not put it back and instead would make it keep on growing until it would kill him. Jane Eyre and Edward Rochester are soul mates. When two people are meant for each other, they feed off of each other. In this particular case, Mr. Rochester feeds off of Jane more then the other way around. When they first meet at Thornfield, Rochester is cold and bitter while Jane is trying to be as nice and warm as she can be. When he falls off of his horse, he sprained his ankle. When she sees him fall, she runs to him and asks, Are you injured, sir? before even finding who he is or where he comes from. Her primary focus is to make sure that he is all right. He keeps telling her to go home but she insists on helping him. Later in the conversation, he realizes who she is but still has no idea who he is. Only later she learns who is the man she helped. That is the first time he meets someone who is nice to him without having secret intentions behind it to get a reward or just to get on his good side. From that moment on Jane and Rochester feed off each other to grow to become happy people. A few weeks after Rochester fell off his horse, somebody tried to kill Rochester by putting his room on fire during his sleep. It is suspected to be Bertha, his crazy wife. Jane sees smoke come out of Rochesters room. She runs to his room and puts out the fire and saves his life. He feels indebted to her and invites Jane to have dinner with him. They both think the other one is not so physically attracted. After speaking during dinner however, they start to like each others personalities. He later throws a party where a beautiful lady by the name of Blanche Ingram attends. Rochester and her are suppose to get married but Jane gets in the way. Rochester realized that he could not marry Ingram because he realizes that he is in love with Jane. After many incidents and complications to get married, Jane runs away. While she is away, Bertha  Mason, a crazy woman who is Rochesters first wife, burns down the house and kills herself and at the same time blinding Rochester. Jane hears Rochester screams her name about a year after she leaves. She magically hears it somehow and is able to tell that the person shouting is Rochester. She goes back to Thornfield and they marry. While he is blinded, he trusts her with his life and lets her guide him everywhere without being scared. A few months after they get married, thanks to her love for him and his love for her, he is able to see again. Shakespeares Macbeth and Charlotte Brontes Jane Eyre are two great stories that share a theme. Although the outcomes are complete opposite, they both have someone affecting the other person in a positive or negative way. In Macbeth, unfortunately, the evil seed grew inside Macbeths body and caused him to go on a murder rampage. In Jane Eyre, fortunately, Jane is there to kill the sprout of the bad plant and implant a kind-hearted, lively, and firm maple tree.

The Social Determinants Of Childhood Obesity Health Essay

The Social Determinants Of Childhood Obesity Health Essay Childhood obesity is an international problem in the 21st century. In Hong Kong, it is easy for us to find the increasing trend of child obesity rate from the media. Why does the problem happen in Hong Kong? Are there any solutions to reduce the childhood obesity? In this paper, I will firstly to talk about the seriousness of childhood obesity in Hong Kong. Then, I will explore the childhood obesity from the social determinants. Then, I will talk about the solutions of this health problem by using health promotion strategies. The current situation of childhood obesity in Hong Kong Childhood obesity as an international health problem Childhood obesity is now becoming a worldwide problem nowadays. Obesity means a people who accumulates too much body fat and he or she will face on health problems in the future (Haslam James, 2005). According to World Health Organization (2012a), obesity is one of the serious health problems in the 21st century and now there are 170 million overweight children who are under 18 years old. Also, more than 40 million children in the world under the age of five were overweight in 2010 (World Health Organization, 2012b).In every year, there are at least 2.6 million people die because of overweight or obese (World health organization, 2012c). The negative effects from childhood obesity Childhood obesity causes different problems in childrens development and health. LeBow (1986) had come out three potential dangers of not treating the fat child, including persistent obesity, barriers in the life and potential health threats. He thinks that obese children are stigmatized from peers, parents and society in the childrens development. This will leads them to enter into vicious circle that they have low self-esteem and become fatter and fatter. Many obese children think that they will still obese and it continues after they grow (Peckham et al., 1985; Stunkard Burt, 1967). Yung (2009) has illustrated what diseases may lead by childhood obesity (See Figure 1). He also mentioned that if government fails to curb childhood obesity, there will be a lot of youngsters suffering from the diseases in the future. Figure 1: Classification of medical and psychosocial consequences of childhood obesity (Yung, 2009). The numbers and phenomenon of childhood obesity in Hong Kong In Hong Kong, there is an increasing trend on the overall childhood obesity rate. Appendix 1 shows the latest data on childhood obesity in Hong Kong. According to the [emailprotected] Campaign (2012a), the overall obesity rate increases from 16.4% to 20.9% in the past 15 years. The numbers also show out that boys are easily to become obese than girls with around 5-10% of disparity on the obesity in different gender. Besides the data from the government, more information reflects that the potential crisis on suffering from other diseases related to childhood obesity. A cross-sectional study from CUHK shows out that about 13% of boys and 11% of girls were obese in examining around 2 600 children aged 6-13 (Sung, 2007). It also mentioned that about 10% and 3% of the children were detected on having three or more and four or more of the six cardiovascular risk factors respectively, including high systolic blood pressure or diastolic blood pressure, high blood triglyceride, low blood high-density lipoprotein, high blood low-density lipoprotein, high blood glucose and high blood insulin (Sung, 2007). Also, patients are getting younger and younger to suffer from diabetes or cardiovascular diseases because of childhood obesity (Wan jiu xue tong, 2007). Therefore, childhood obesity has become a major health care issue in Hong Kong from the facts in both statistics and news reports. In the next part, I will talk about the social determinants of childhood obesity. The social determinants of the childhood obesity The framework of social determinants in analyzing the childhood obesity According to World Health Organization (2012d), social determinants of health include life, development and health system afforded by the distribution of power and resource. It also shows out the phenomenon as health inequity which affects peoples health status. World Health Organization Western Pacific South-East Asia (2008) had set up some index to evaluate the public health in Asia Pacific. In this time, I will borrow the framework to analysis childhood obesity in Hong Kong with adjusting the index and adding related factors (See Figure 2). The reason of adopting this framework is to show out how our social settings make childhood obesity instead of attributing to self-responsibility from individual. I also add the item main stakeholders because they are the main media to lead the things happening in society. Factors Main stakeholders Original meanings Adjusted meanings Income and poverty Family Overall economic situation Overall economic situation Economic status of the grassroots Lifestyle Family Eating habits Physical activities Eating habits Physical activities Personal growth Education School Literacy rate School setting Culture and knowledge Society Not including Traditions, views and knowledge of food Figure 2: The framework to analysis the childhood obesity in Hong Kong Family Family is one important sector in enforcing the childhood obesity because they have the most responsibility to take care their children. From our born to independence, it is not only fulfill childrens basic life but also learning the foundation of knowledge and skills. Therefore, they have an important responsibility in forming the childhood obesity. Income and poverty Economic status affects peoples health in their life. World Health Organization Western Pacific South-East Asia (2008) mentioned that poor people are hard to maintain their health because they lack of resource to access health service and take actions to prevent diseases. It also mentioned that Hong Kong is regarded as a high-income country from the World Bank in 2008. It also has a better medical system comparing to other developed countries. At the same time, there is a big disparity between the rich and the poor with high gini index around 53.3% (Central Intelligence Agency, 2007). So, the overall economic situation and economic status of the grassroots should be attended on analyzing the health problem in different class. Meals with more meat and less vegetables are common after the improvement of economy. Every Hong Kong people consume 150KG meats in 2011 which is more than the US (Gang ren shi rou, 2012). Many parents regard children should eat more meat in their meals because of their physical development. Some parents even do not limit the amount of meat to their children because they think they should provide the best to their children if they can. In hence, children may bring up an unbalance diet. Parents will become more difficult to improve children into correct diet. When the children eat too much meat unconsciously, it will cause child obesity if the children lacks of enough exercise at the same time. To the grassroots, fast-food is easily to lead childhood obesity. It is because poor children in Hong Kong usually follow their mothers, who are usually the new immigrants, to the fast food shops. According to Chan, Deave and Greenhalgh (2010), fast-food shops are good places for them to meet other parents and friends. They also think it is a more safety places than playgrounds. Additionally, Hong Kong style fast food is unhealthy. For example, 2 pieces of Western Toast (à ¨Ã‚ ¥Ã‚ ¿Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ ¤Ã… ¡Ãƒ ¥Ã‚ £Ã‚ «) have 356 kcal, 19g fat, 116mg cholesterol, 513mg sodium and 8g saturated fat (Xiao xue sheng san, 2004). It is easy for children to overtake nutrition and harmful substances as Trans fats. Except the grassroots, having too much fast food is also common for normal families. According to Chan, Deave and Greenhalgh (2010), long-hours culture is always happened on adults. To save time, some parents may buy fast-food or pre-prepared food as dinner to their children. Some children may provide holding meal in the evening and it always leads them not to eat dinner very late at night. Children eat too much fast food chronically and it will easily to become child obesity. Lifestyle Lifestyle is the way a person lives. From the World Health Organization Western Pacific South-East Asia (2008), diet and physical activity are the ways to promote and maintain good health in a country. Obesity means the unbalance state in high diet and low physical activities. Family should make sure their children to have enough nutrition but not overdose. Unhealthy meals are one of the main factors to cause childhood obesity. Except having fast food or meals with more meat and less vegetables, another source of unhealthy meal is from bad cooking habits both from Chinese and Western. One of the examples is that Chinese prefer to use more oil and animal fat to cook the meal so the children have higher Cholesterol levels than foreign children (Fu mu tai qian, 1999). Another example is that Western meals may have high calories but low fiber as Baked Pork Chop with Rice containing over 1,200 calories (Yuan li zhu pai fan, 2003). If parents do not count nutrition intake, children will eat too much and it will become obese very easily. Another factor for childhood obesity is lacking exercise. Doing exercise is a way to consume extra nutrition and maintain personal health. According to the Community Sports Committee of the Sports Commission (2012), about 80% tested children thinks that they have enough exercise but only 9% fulfill the US standard of physical fitness. Lacking exercise of Hong Kong children has lasted over 10 years. There are few reasons to explain the phenomenon. The first reason is the school setting and I will explain later. The two one is the sense from parents. If parents are active in doing exercise, their children will also have more sense to do the exercise. Unfortunately, there are around 35% of parents with no participation in sports and more than 60% of families cannot arrange family sports time during each weekend (Community Sports Committee of the Sports Commission, 2012). The third one is the children spend too much time on different electronic screen. According to the Community Sports Committee of the Sports Commission (2012), about 40% of Hong Kong children aged 7-12 spend more than 5 hours on sedentary activities like studying and recreation. If children spend more time on the screen, they will have less time to do the exercise. School Schools are another important stakeholder in solving the childhood obesity. It is because children spend 1/3 of the whole day in schools for learning. If a school can convey enough health information through lessons and activities to the students, they can sustain their health on their lifetime and produce less health problems when they grow up. Education Public concerns on education are largely on formal education issues in a school setting. World Health Organization Western Pacific South-East Asia. (2008) evaluates the public health in different countries by assessing the literacy rate and enrollment rate. In Hong Kong, compulsory education is provided to the children for leading high literacy rate and enrollment rate, which are 94% and 74% respectively (World Health Organization Western Pacific South-East Asia, 2008). So, it seems the childhood obesity may not relate to insufficient knowledge. According to the Community Sports Committee of the Sports Commission (2012), the tested children reflect that too much school work is the barriers for doing exercise. Therefore, school setting may be a good way to observe childhood obesity. Unhealthy food provided by the tuck shops and lunch supplies lead childhood obesity. Although Education Bureau and Department of Health create different guidelines to encourage schools for providing healthy food, there are still a lot of schools providing unhealthy food through tuck shops and meals. According to Chen (2008), 90% of primary schools still sell unhealthy snacks in their tuck shops. Maintaining revenue and student tastes are the reasons for the tuck shops continuing to provide unhealthy food. Also, guidelines cannot limit the schools to provide unhealthy food. Over 40% of primary schools still provide unqualified meals without enough vegetables and fruits (Si cheng xiao xue, 2009). 80% of kindergartens provide unqualified meals with over intake of fat, salt and health food products (Du Cai, 2011). If children eat too much unhealthy food without enough exercise, it is not difficult for them to become obese. Indifference on Physical Education and play areas is another reason to lead childhood obesity. Normally, students in primary schools have 2-3 Physical Education lessons with 35 minutes per lesson in each week. Only 22 minutes are doing exercise and even 4 minutes for moderate to vigorous exercise can be done in each Physical Education lesson (Chen, 2006). For kindergarten students, there are only 20 minutes for physical activities (Chan, Deave and Greenhalgh, 2010). Many schools also do not allow students to run during the recess because of not enough space and safety to everyone. It is a backward concept criticized by Dr. Patrick Lau who is a professor of the Department of Physical Education at Hong Kong Baptist University (Jia Xiao jin pao, 2005). Students can only conduct static activities which leads them have no chances to do the exercises. This will let students cannot release the extra nutrition which will cause obesity. Over-emphasizing on academic subjects is also the problem for childhood obesity. Starting from Primary 4, students are forced to put more efforts on academic subjects because of a good path for a better secondary school and university. Sometimes, Physical Education lessons are sacrificed for academic subject lessons or classroom guidance. Also, tutorial classes after school is very common in Hong Kong.. Whether primary school or secondary school students, they will always spend some time after school to attend those lessons. This will reduce the students chance to do enough exercise to prevent child obesity in their leisure time. Society Society is the third stakeholder in solving the childhood obesity. It is because society has a force to integrate and coordinate different people and organizations for solving the problem. Also, it has the most influence on promoting healthy lifestyle. Culture and knowledge Culture is the values, beliefs, behavior and material objects that together form a peoples way of life (Macionis, 2006). Knowledge is someone who familiarizes somebody or something on facts, information, descriptions, or skills from experience or education. Culture and knowledge are directly affecting peoples mind and behavior. Some Chinese tradition proverbs do not encourage children to do the exercise in their daily life. One is called Fat equals to blessing (à ¨Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¥Ãƒ ¦Ã‹Å" ¯Ãƒ §Ã‚ ¦Ã‚ Ãƒ ¦Ã‚ °Ã‚ £). It means if a person is fatter, it also equals to a stable life. This is more popular to old generation because they have lower education level comparing to the young couples. Another one is called diligent makes contribution and games are no use (à ¥Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ã‚ ¤Ãƒ ¦Ã…“†°Ãƒ ¥Ã…  Ã… ¸Ã‚ ¼Ã…’à ¦Ã‹â€ Ã‚ ²Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¡Ãƒ §Ã¢â‚¬ ºÃ…  ). These concepts are widely in our society so that exercise is not preferred. For example, some grandparents may think that English is important than games because of low walkability and limited opportunities (Chan, Deave and Greenhalgh, 2010). Fast food culture is also common in Hong Kong. It is not difficult for us to find a fast food shop in urban areas. They always promote their food or promotion on different media as TV or websites. The culture is very fit in Hong Kong because fast food strengths on efficiency which matches long working hours. On the other side, children loves to eat fast food too because it fits their taste. The information of nutrition is not very clear to Hong Kong people. Although Hong Kong has nutrition labels since 2010, there are still around 40% people not or seldom attending the labels (Janice, Mingo Sharon, 2011). Public are always late to know some of the products which is not as health as they imagine. According to Huang and Xin (2006), the content of sugar, salt and fat are over the normal standard in many corn chips. Because of the social determinants in childhood obesity, the obesity rate for overall primary school students raises from around 16 % to around 21% in the past 10 decade. In the next part, I will introduce the health promotion strategies to reduce the problems of child obesity. The health promotion strategies to tackle the childhood obesity Health promotion means a process to lead people for improving their health with increasing the sense and applying the behavior. The responsibility of health promotion is not only at the health sector, but also to reach healthy lifestyles (World Health Organization, 1986). To solve the childhood obesity, I regard five approaches to health promotion by Naidoo and Wills (2000) and social marketing should be used to solve childhood obesity in Hong Kong. It is because it can easily to assess what strategies Hong Kong has done and anything should be improved during the promotion. In the next part, I will talk about what stakeholders would be needed to conduct the health promotion. Then I will focus on the five approaches with related measures to solve the problem, introducing current measures and new measures. Stakeholders for health promotion In the social promotion, there will be two stakeholders to conduct the health promotion. One is the government and another one is the Non-Government Organizations. Government Government is very important in the health promotion. It will have different cooperation between hospitals, clinics, District Council, sport facilities, schools and families. Non-Government Organizations. Non-Government Organizations are always the forerunner to sense the problems in society. They are also strength on the flexibility when they promote in small organizations. It is because there are so many plans conducting to reduce childhood obesity, I can only use some famous examples to talk about how the strategies apply in our daily life. First, figure 3 shows the effects of the six approaches to health promotion in child obese. The medical approach Prevention and treatment Behavior change Encouraging somebody to adopt health behaviors The educational approach Providing knowledge and skills for personal choice in applying health behavior Empowerment Powering up somebody to concern and help in the issue Social change Creating choices with suitable cost, availability or accessibility Social marketing and media Increasing public awareness on particular concepts or behavior and stimulate publics mind for the response Figure 3: The effects of the six approaches to health promotion in child obese Source: Naidoo and Wills (2000) Promotions from government Medical system in stopping childhood obesity This system will focus on the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity in the media way. This is using the medical approach because of prevention and treatment in childhood obesity. Nowadays, Hong Kong had created the family health service and student health service for the children to check their health status from their born to 18 years old. It also connects with Specialist for the referral to treat the obese children. Maternal and Child Health Centres and Student Health Service Centre are distributed in different areas for children to do body check. Different Student Health Service Centre has the connection with hospitals in the same network. For example, the centre in South Kwai Chung can refer the children to Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine at Princess Margaret Hospital. The government can use the centres for scanning out the obese children from the checking on BMI, blood pressure and urine. Overweight or obese children will refer to assessment centres or Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine in hospitals. They will do more body checking as exsanguinate to confirm their body status and give suitable treatment to them as Nutritionist for health meal suggestions. This approach is to find out the obese children and reduce the deterioration of them. Social marketing Social marketing and media is common used by local government. The promotion is using a simple and clear way to focus on single concept or behavior, The usage is to raise public awareness on particular concepts or behavior and stimulate publics mind for the response. For example, the government had promoted the concept of Two Plus three Every Day through the TV advertisements. The aim of this advertisement is to explain the importance of enough amounts of vegetables and fruits in daily life. It also presents the examples on how do we count on eating enough vegetables and fruits. Campaign cooperating with schools [emailprotected] is one of the campaigns to promote healthy lifestyle in eating. It uses educational approaches to do the promotion because the plan provides teaching materials for school to spread the knowledge to parents and students for choosing health meals in daily life. Except teaching, the scheme wants schools to provide more healthy food to the students by giving them some guidelines. For example, there are over 20 documents to help schools for choosing suitable food supplies for tuck shop and lunch ([emailprotected] Campaign, 2012b). Through this approach, government prefers schools and students can choose the more healthy meals by themselves. Promotions from Non-government Organizations Smart Kids Fitness project This project was created by Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion from the Chinese University of Hong Kong. There is cooperation between the professionals, schools and parents. This plan includes teacher training and support, needs assessment and progress monitoring, parent training and supports, tailor-made weight-management plan for individual students, 12-week weight management intervention programme and school-based health promotion programme (Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, 2008). Figure 4 shows the concepts of the project. Figure 4: A Health Promoting Schools Approach in Addressing the Problem of Childhood Obesity (Source: Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, 2008) It contains different approaches for its promotion. Firstly, Education approach is used to teachers, parents and students with related knowledge. The project strengths at using behavioral approach and empowerment approach. Through the tailor-made weight-management plan and 12-week weight management intervention programme, students had created the sense to supervise their own health and try to improve their health with changing their habits with their parents. This can also power up their confidence to manage their health. Last but not least, the organization thinks that it is success because they can create sustainability on the participators (Centre for Health Education and Health Promotion, 2008). Recommendations for reducing childhood obesity To me, different strategies applied by the government and non-government organizations are needed in reducing childhood obesity. From my observation, I regard many strategies focus on creating health lifestyle but little on food choices and easy exercise which can do it everything. So I will suggest two directions for increasing the approach of behavior change and social change. Firstly, the government can cooperate to Green Monday, which is a non-government organization for promoting vegetarian food on each Monday for health and environment. For example, Cafe De Coral is one of the restaurants to join Green Monday. It will provide 2 dishes of vegetarian food on the Green Monday. The government can encourage food suppliers to join by adding the conditions in the tenders of tuck shop and lunch suppliers. Specific details need to be discussed but I may suggest some conditions to explain the idea. For example, tuck shops and lunch suppliers need to provide at least 50% of healthy food and drinks on Green Monday. If the bidders can meet the conditions, he or she will have the advantages in bidding the contracts or having subsides in operating the business. The reasons of promoting the day are to respond some of the tuck shops or lunch suppliers still providing too much unhealthy food to the students for many years and create a sense to students that they can cho ose for eating healthier meals. Secondly, the government can promote easy exercises for urban people. One of the social determinants is parents and children have no sense to do the exercise. Climbing stairs activities and fitness walking are two examples for the promotion. Both exercise are easy to learn and do it in the surrounding areas as park or blocks. They are also suitable to whole family members. These exercises may increase the incentives to people for doing exercise. Conclusion To conclude, Hong Kong is an international city who also has childhood obesity as other countries in the 21st century. Everyone knows that obesity is harmful to adults and child but it is different to change personal lifestyle because society contains different elements which are not benefit to our health. Although our government and non-government organizations try their best to change the situation, there are still a lot of children who are living in unhealthy life. But I think we should have confidence to face on the childhood obesity because social atmosphere of healthy lifestyle will be informed gradually if we insist for healthy lifestyle.